Procedures that can be used to diagnose cancer

There are several tests and procedures that can be used to diagnose cancer. The specific tests used will depend on the type of cancer suspected and the patient's individual circumstances. Some of the most common tests and procedures used to diagnose cancer include :

• Biopsy: This involves the removal of a sample of tissue or cells from the suspected cancerous area for examination under a microscope. There are different types of biopsy procedures, including needle biopsy, core biopsy, and surgical biopsy.
• Imaging tests: These tests use various imaging techniques to create images of the inside of the body. Common imaging tests used in cancer diagnosis include X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, PET scans, and ultrasound.   
• Blood tests: Blood tests may be used to detect certain substances in the blood that can indicate the presence of cancer. For example, elevated levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may indicate prostate cancer.
• Endoscopy: This involves the use of a thin, flexible tube with a camera on the end to examine the inside of the body. Endoscopy can be used to examine areas such as the digestive tract, bladder, or lungs.
• Molecular testing: This involves analyzing the genetic material of cancer cells to look for specific changes that may be indicative of cancer.
• Bone marrow biopsy: This involves the removal of a sample of bone marrow from the hipbone to look for cancer cells.
• Other specialized tests: Depending on the type of cancer suspected, there may be other specialized tests or procedures that can be used for diagnosis. For example, a mammogram may be used to diagnose breast cancer, while a colonoscopy may be used to diagnose colon cancer.